LAUSR

Nitrate treatment performance and denitrification activity were compared between denitrifying biological filters (DNBFs) based on dewatered alum sludge (DAS) and neutralized used acid (NUA). The spatiotemporal distribution of denitrifying genes and the genetic potential associated with denitrification activity and nitrate removal in both DNBFs were also evaluated. The removal efficiency of NUA-DNBF increased by 8% compared with that of DAS-DNBF, and the former NUA-DNBF emitted higher amount of N2O. Analysis of abundance and composition profiles showed that denitrifying gene patterns varied more or less in two matrices with different depths at three sampling times. Burkholderiales, Rhodocyclales, and Rhizobiales were the most commonly detected in both media during stable periods. Denitrification was determined by the abundance of specific genes or their ratios as revealed by controlling factors. The enhanced nitrate removal could be due to increasing qnosZ or decreasing ∑qnir/qnosZ. Furthermore, NUA-DNBF solely reduced nitrate by increasing the denitrification enzyme activity.