LAUSR

The bioprocess for producing androstenedione (AD) from phytosterols by using Mycobacterium neoaurum is hindered by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD+ and NADH) ratio imbalance, insoluble substrate, and lengthy biotransformation period. This study aims to improve the efficiency of AD production through a combined application of cofactor, solvent, and fermentation engineering technologies. Through the enhanced type II NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-II), the NAD+/NADH ratio and ATP levels increased; the release of reactive oxygen species decreased by 42.32%, and the cell viability improved by 54.17%. In surfactant-waste cooking oil-water media, the conversion of phytosterol increased from 23.92% to 94.98%. Repeated batch culture successfully reduced the biotransformation period from 30 to 17 days, the productivity was 13.75 times more than the parent strain. This study is the first to improve the productivity of AD by enhancing NDH-II and provides a new strategy to increase the accumulation of NAD+-dependent metabolites during biotransformation.