LAUSR

We describe the pH-induced folding/unfolding transitions of i-motifs by a linkage thermodynamics-based formalism in terms of three pKa's of cytosines, namely, an apparent pKa in the unfolded conformation, pKau, and two apparent pKa's in the folded state, pKaf1 and pKaf2. For the 5′-TTACCCACCCTACCCACCCTCA-3' sequence from the human c-MYC oncogene promoter region, the values of pKau, pKaf1, and pKaf2 are 4.8, 6.0, and 3.6, respectively. With these pKa's, we calculate the differential number of protons bound to the folded and unfolded states as a function of pH. Analysis along these lines offers an alternative interpretation to the experimentally observed shift in the pH-induced unfolded-to-i-motif transitions to neutral pH in the presence of cosolvents and crowders. Our simulations reveal that a significant increase in the transition midpoint pH can be achieved by an increase in the equilibrium constant between the folded and unfolded DNA conformations due to the excluded volume effect.