LAUSR

OBJECTIVES Tuberculosis (TB) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease have similar symptoms, which makes them difficult to distinguish clinically and leads to the danger of NTM disease being neglected. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of developing mycobacterial disease among cancer patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a population-based database. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was adjusted to identify independent factors contributing to the development of mycobacterial disease in the cancer cohort. RESULTS The results showed that the increased risk of developing TB and NTM disease was 1.84-fold and 4.43-fold, respectively, in cancer patients compared with the general population. Advanced age (≥65years) and being male were risk factors for developing TB disease. There was a 4.09-fold significantly increased risk of TB disease within six months of a cancer diagnosis. Hematological cancer patients were most likely to develop mycobacterial disease. Younger hematological cancer patients (< 45years) had a higher risk of NTM disease development. CONCLUSION There is an increasing risk of mycobacterial disease in cancer patients. We suggest that the possibility of mycobacterial disease in cancer patients should be assessed during the period of cancer therapy, particularly in those who have risk factors.