LAUSR

Abstract Analysis of literature data on acid-catalyzed esterification reaction of levulinic acid (LA) with ethanol (EtOH) has suggested that some sulfonated carbon catalysts exhibit higher active-site performance than other solid acid catalysts such as macroreticular resins bearing sulfonic acid groups, zeolites, mesoporous silica functionalized with alkyl- and arene-sulfonic acid groups. To elucidate factors that enable the higher performance of sulfonated carbon catalysts, a series of sulfonated carbon catalysts was synthesized by sulfonating various carbon materials whose concentrations of surface oxygen-containing functional groups, porous structure, and swelling ability differ significantly. The catalysts were tested not only in the liquid-phase esterification reaction of LA with EtOH but also in the reaction of acetic acid (AcA) with EtOH because the latter reaction serves as a test reaction to probe the performance of –SO 3 H sites with minimal influence by mass transfer limitation and to provide an insight into a role of γ-keto group of LA in catalysis. The results show that all catalysts exhibit nearly the same turnover frequency per –SO 3 H site in the esterification reaction of AcA with EtOH despite widely different structural properties. In contrast, the data indicate that neighboring functional groups such as –COOH and –OH facilitate the reaction of LA with EtOH presumably through hydrogen-bonding interaction between these surface functional groups and γ-keto group of LA. These results suggest a general design strategy to improve the performance of solid acid catalysts further by precisely tuning the distance between –SO 3 H sites and neighboring functional groups.