LAUSR

The crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are close relatives and coexist in most of their natural habitats but with different levels of abundance. The crucian carp is usually more abundant than the common carp in high predation-pressure habitats. To verify whether the crucian carp exhibits a significantly higher survival capacity combined with additional antipredator strategies than the common carp, we measured the morphology, behavioral traits, fast-start escape swimming performance and survival time under predation in both fish species. Additionally, the relationships between morphology, behavioral traits, locomotion and survival in both fish species were analyzed to determine which components can explain survival. We found that the crucian carp showed significantly higher survival times combined with greater body depth and fast-start escape performance than did the common carp, and the fast-start escape performance may be the main reason that the crucian carp showed a higher survival capacity. Additionally, the predator (Channa argus) chased the common carp more frequently when exposed to both species simultaneously. The higher survival capacity of the crucian carp and the preference of the predator for the common carp may be partial reasons that crucian carp were more abundant in habitats with high-predation pressure. Despite the differences among species, only the fast-start maximum velocity and exploration of the crucian carp were significantly related to survival time based on Pearson correlations. Overall, the relationships between the components measured in this study and survival in both fish species were quite weak or even lacking, which may be associated with the lack of predation experience in the fish specimens used.