LAUSR

Abstract Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a late-model combustion technology with inherent CO 2 enrichment from the carbon-based fuels, which can simultaneously improve combustion efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. For a large-scale CLC system in fixed bed reactors, the effective utilization of oxygen carrier (OC) pellets or sticks is crucial with respect to overall system performance due to the relatively large particle sizes. In the present work, we compared the reactivity and effective utilization of four typical OCs (i.e., CuO/SiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 /ZrO 2 and NiO/ZrO 2 ) for chemical looping combustion of methane in a large laboratory fixed bed reactor. The effect of particle size on the reactivity of OCs was also investigated. The OC sticks were prepared by an extrusion method. By scraping the sticks layer by layer, the evolution of OC component and structure after reaction from surface to bulk was investigated. The result showed that OC sticks with 2 mm diameter and 4 mm length is suitable for CLC in this large laboratory unit. It is found that the CuO/SiO 2 OC exhibit high reactivity, redox performance and strong resistance to carbon deposition formation. The existence of Cu 2 O in the deep layers of the reduced CuO/SiO 2 sticks suggests that the CuO even in the bulk of sticks can react with methane. The effective utilization of the CuO/SiO 2 OC is 77.56%. NiO/ZrO 2 OC also shows high reactivity and redox performance for CLC with methane, and its effective utilization is as high as 86.96%. However, the presence of metallic Ni during the reaction will catalyze the methane cracking into carbon deposition and H 2 . Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 and Mn 3 O 4 /ZrO 2 OCs represent relatively low reactivity for methane oxidation. The obtained effective utilizations for the Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 and Mn 3 O 4 /ZrO 2 sticks are only 36.82% and 38.86%, respectively, indicating that these two OCs with large particle size cannot react with methane completely. It is also noted that the Mn 3 O 4 /ZrO 2 OC sticks possess strong resistance to carbon deposition formation, while the Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 OC sticks are faced with serious carbon deposition problem. For all the OC sticks, since methane can easily diffuse into the bulk layer, the reaction of methane with OC sticks is mainly controlled by the migration rate and activity of lattice oxygen in OCs.