LAUSR

Abstract Systematics of Si O Raman stretching frequencies in the range 800–1200 cm − 1 , and Si 2p and O 1s XPS binding energies (BE) are examined for a large number of alkali and alkaline earth silicate glasses, melts, and crystals. Several relationships in the Raman and X-ray Photoelectron spectral (XPS) data lead to new insights concerning charge delocalization over Si tetrahedra and to recognition of controls on both Raman stretching frequencies, and Si 2p and O 1s XPS chemical shifts. The Raman stretching frequencies of the five Q species and the Si 2p and O 1s XPS chemical shifts, vary linearly with the alkali and alkaline-earth content of glasses over the range 0–50 mol% counter oxide (M 2 O or MO). The relationships demonstrate that the frequencies and chemical shifts are controlled by the same property, the valence band electron densities on the atoms of silicate tetrahedra. Specifically, where M-O ion interactions are strongly ionic, the number of NBO's attached to the central Si atom most affects the electron density of Si and O in tetrahedra, and is the major control on Raman symmetric stretching frequencies. Also, the Raman stretching frequency of individual Q species are effectively independent of the mass of the alkali counter cation (M Na, K, Rb, Cs). Addition of alkali oxides to vitreous SiO 2 produces Si 2p and O 1s XPS chemical shifts. The magnitude of the chemical shifts increase with counter oxide abundance through transfer of valence ‘s’ electrons from alkali atoms to NBO of tetrahedra. The negative charge acquired by the NBO is redistributed (delocalized) over all atoms of the tetrahedron via Si O bonds thereby increasing valence band electron densities over the constituent Si and O atoms. The greater the number of NBOs associated with a tetrahedron the greater the enhancement of electron density on all atoms of the tetrahedron, thus explaining the Si 2p and O 1s XPS chemical shifts. With respect to Raman spectra, the increased valence electron density causes the central Si atom to become appreciably less positive, which diminishes the strength of Coulombic interactions between Si and O atoms, and weakens Si O force constants. In turn, the weakened force constants result in decreases to Si O stretching frequencies. The weakening of force constants and decrease in stretching frequencies occur in a stepwise manner and relate directly to the number of NBO attached to the tetrahedra. The Si O force constant for the Q 4 species is much larger than the force constant for the Q 0 species, causing their stretching frequencies to decrease (stepwise) from ~ 1200 cm − 1 to ~ 850 cm − 1 . The mathematical relationships among alkali oxide compositions, Raman stretching frequencies and XPS chemical shifts are quantified.