•Drug removals are a barrier to reunification and guardianship.•Children ages 0–3 with drug removals face a unique disadvantage for permanency.•Likelihood of permanency exits depends both on child age and drug… Click to show full abstract
•Drug removals are a barrier to reunification and guardianship.•Children ages 0–3 with drug removals face a unique disadvantage for permanency.•Likelihood of permanency exits depends both on child age and drug removal status.
               
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