LAUSR

Abstract Across spatial scales, biological systems exhibit exquisite hierarchy in architecture and function, leading to complex, observable phenomena. In the articular cartilage of our joints, the organization of molecule- to tissue-level structures governs the interplay of macromolecules and determines the biological activity of embedded cells (chondrocytes), motivating the development of new computational models to provide insight and understanding. We review recent work on multiscale modeling of cartilage, with an emphasis on finite element based methods, and emerging experimental approaches that enable calibration and validation. Through new nested modeling approaches, we are now able to dissect interactions of constituent macromolecules, and we envision the ability to soon define the mechanical microenvironment experienced by and within single cells that guide biological activity.