LAUSR

Electrode reactions without deliberately adding supporting electrolyte are complicated with electric migrations associated with redox reactions, formation of double layers and ion–ion interactions relevant to electrode reactions. The complications can be realized quantitatively through voltammetry at various sized microelectrodes, partly because of negligibly small solution resistance effects and partly because of steady-state voltammograms, which can be analyzed theoretically without capacitive time-dependent current. The present review deals with (i) techniques of fabrication of many sized microelectrodes, (ii) conditions of keeping low electrolyte concentrations, (iii) ionic contribution of forming double layers, (iv) participation in counter ions for electrode reactions and (v) change in ionic environment by redox reactions.