LAUSR

Abstract Using the new protocols, complete understanding was achieved for the effect of mustard soap on the PSM surfaces. The amino, hydroxyl and carbonyl are the main functional groups in the mustard oil. The phenol compounds have been detected in the fatty acids of mustard soap; therefore, during the hydrolysis process of mustard oil, phenolic compounds have may suffer nucleophilic substitution to form new compounds as detected by XRD. Furthermore, during flotation process, compounds detected by XRD might also undergo some chemical changes such as decarboxylation to form new products at the surface of PSM (see graphical abstract). Therefore, many measurements are valuable and required to understand the mechanism of soap that contains mixtures of aromatic compounds and long chain fatty acids in order to develop mineral processing in industry and put methods for recycling water and gases during separation and smelting processes, respectively, to avoid environmental impacts of new unexpected products.