LAUSR

Purpose Inflammation is a crucial but understudied mechanism of neuronal injury after hypoxia‐ischemia. The aim was to identify a panel of cytokines involved in brain injury in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods Ten newborns with HIE undergoing to therapeutic hypothermia (TH, HIE Group) and 8 healthy newborns (CTRL Group) were enrolled. For the HIE group, 5 samples were collected: between 0 and 6 h of life (time 1), 12 h (time 2), 24 h (time 3), 48 h (time 4) and 96 h of life (time 5). For the CTRL group, one sample was collected. A panel of 48 inflammatory cytokines was determined in all samples. Data were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis (Principal component analysis, PCA) Results 17 cytokines, among 48 analyzed, were found to be significantly different, initially, between the CTRL and HIE groups: 12 with reported pro‐inflammatory effects and 5 with reported anti‐inflammatory effects. In the HIE group cytokines showed a decreasing trend during the TH and at the end of treatment comparable to the CTRL group. IL‐18 did demonstrate a slight increase at time 3 during HT but decreased steadily at sampling times, 4 and 5. Conclusions Our data demonstrates that many pathways of the inflammatory cascade are activated following hypoxic‐ischemic injury. This information will increase our understanding of changes in cytokines over time in neonates with HIE undergoing TH.