Highlights • Cytokine communication in leishmaniasis begets host-resistance or susceptibility.• All cytokine families, except IFN, overlap as host-protectors or disease-enhancers.• IFN-γ and IL-12 are unequivocally anti-leishmanial.• IL-21, TGF-β and IL-10… Click to show full abstract
Highlights • Cytokine communication in leishmaniasis begets host-resistance or susceptibility.• All cytokine families, except IFN, overlap as host-protectors or disease-enhancers.• IFN-γ and IL-12 are unequivocally anti-leishmanial.• IL-21, TGF-β and IL-10 are unequivocally disease-enhancing in VL.• Cutaneous leishmaniasis has the most unsolved cytokine paradoxes.
               
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