LAUSR

AIM Diet plays an important role in the kidney health of individuals with type 1 diabetes. However, not much is known about dietary practices at different stages of diabetic nephropathy. We aimed at investigating food intake, dietary patterns, and nutrient intakes in individuals with type 1 diabetes differing in renal status. METHODS Data were available from 1874 individuals with type 1 diabetes (45% men, age 48 ± 13 years). Diet was assessed at the levels of food items and diet patterns (diet questionnaire), and energy and nutrient intakes (food record). Six groups were formed based on the eGFR or dialysis and transplantation status. RESULTS Reductions in liquid-milk product and salt consumption, and increase in special diet adherence were observed at the early stages of eGFR decline. Reduced coffee consumption was observed after eGFR was <30 ml/min/1.73m2. With advancing kidney failure, rye bread consumption decreased, but that of wheat bread increased. Compared to those with intact kidney function (the index group), the Fish and vegetable diet pattern scores were higher in individuals with mildly-to-severely decreased eGFR. Instead, the Sweet pattern scores were lower than in the index group in all other groups. Energy intake was lower in all groups compared to those with intact kidney function. Advancing kidney failure was associated with reductions in protein intake per body weight, and in the intakes of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the dietary intake are seen already at the early stages of kidney function decline.