LAUSR

Abstract In this research, structural and functional responses of benthic macroinvertebrates to mitigation measures (carried out in the dammed and polluted Duraton River, Central Spain, during the 1990s and 2000s) were examined by comparing physicochemical and biological data from the summer of 1987 with data from the summer of 2014. Mitigation measures resulted in significant increases in dissolved oxygen concentrations, as well as in significant reductions of fluoride (F − ) pollution and short-term flow fluctuations. The macrobenthic community responded positively to improvements in river environmental conditions, exhibiting significant increases in abundance (total density, total biomass and EPT density) and diversity (total family richness and EPT richness) at impacted sampling sites. Furthermore, the presence of relatively sensitive benthic macroinvertebrates after mitigation measures (as indicated by increased values of BMWQ biotic indices) also was the main cause for observed reductions in the environmental impact caused by disturbance points (as indicated by decreased values of the EI index), and for the observed recovering of the trophic structure of the macrobenthic community, with macroinvertebrate scrapers as the functional feeding group most favored. These macroinvertebrate responses to mitigation measures were more marked at sampling sites that initially were more impacted (i.e., nearest to disturbance points), and less apparent at the sampling site that initially was less impacted (i.e., farthest to disturbance points). Within the hydropsychid assemblage, improvements in river environmental conditions clearly favored the presence of Hydropsyche pellucidula and Cheumatopsyche lepida at the expense of the other hydropsychid species. In spite of all monitored environmental improvements and macroinvertebrate positive responses, the need for additional mitigation measures was evident, particularly to reduce high turbidity levels and sedimentation of fine inorganic matter negatively affecting benthic macroinvertebrates downstream from the industrial effluent. Overall, it is concluded that the multimetric approach is an effective technique to assess macroinvertebrate responses to mitigation measures in river ecosystems.