LAUSR

This study aimed to investigate the protective mechanisms of helenalin on hepatic fibrosis. In brief, rats were intragastrically administrated with 50% CCl4 for 9 weeks to induce liver fibrosis, followed by treatment with various agents for 6 weeks. The effects of helenalin on hepatic injury were assessed by pathological examinations. The potential targets were predicted by the "Drug-Disease" bioinformatic analysis and then verified by multiple experiments. Moreover, the underlying mechanism was investigated by transcriptomics and metabolomics as a whole. The results showed that helenalin significantly alleviated hepatocyte necrosis and hepatic injury, as proved by the pathological examinations. Also, helenalin markedly attenuated hepatocyte apoptosis by regulating the expression of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 families. Besides, helenalin could significantly reduce collagen accumulation, as evidenced by the decreased contents of collagen, hyaluronic acid and laminin. Moreover, helenalin significantly down-regulated the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, FAK, mTOR and P70S6K, and PTEN protein expression, suggesting that helenalin inhibited the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade. Meanwhile, helenalin inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway by reducing the phosphorylation of IκBα, NF-κB p65 and IKKα/β, alleviating inflammation response. Interestingly, the analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics indicated that helenalin inhibited the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway by down-regulating the target genes (CHKA, ETNPPL, LYPLA1, PCYT2, PLD4 and PNPLA6), ultimately ameliorating hepatocyte damage. In conclusion, helenalin ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by regulating the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways and the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway.