LAUSR

Abstract This study aims to develop a new optimization model in order to design and analyze a 100% renewable energy network. Two distinct smart energy systems are proposed: electrified and hydrogen cities, in which electricity and hydrogen are used to transfer energy from a variety of renewable sources to different energy demands (electricity, thermal energy, and hydrogen). The proposed optimization model includes minimizing the total annual cost as an objective function subject to various constraints that represent the features of the smart energy cities, such as different types of communities (urban and rural) and energy distribution methods (electricity and hydrogen grids). We then applied the proposed model to the design problem of a 100% RES energy network in Jeju Island, Korea. As a result, we identified the optimal system configuration and energy flow in each smart energy system and analyzed the major cost drivers in the levelized cost of energy of 0.43–0.65 $/kWh. Based on the results of the case study, we investigated the sensitivity of crucial factors such as the cost of the technology, the quantity and structure of the demand, and renewable sources potentials on the system configuration and economics. The global sensitivity analysis study provides comprehensive solutions for the design and operation of two smart energy systems in different locations and types of city.