LAUSR

Microbial-assisted antimonate [Sb(V)] reduction immobilizes this redox-sensitive metalloid in the subsurface. Most indigenous aerobes in antimony (Sb)-contaminated areas do not contain Sb(V)-reducing genes but can resist high levels of Sb(V) threat. Herein, to unravel the mechanisms of Sb(V) resistance by aerobes, we used Escherichia coli W3110 as a model aerobe and incubated it with 10 μM Sb(V). We found that strain W3110, without known Sb(V)-reducing genes, was able to reduce Sb(V) to Sb(III). Our transcriptome analysis and reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results show that the Sb(V) threat at the 10 μM level had a negligible effect on the gene expression of strain W3110. In vitro incubation experiments further indicate that Sb(V) reduction was attributable to extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Moreover, the three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy reveals that the tryptophan-like components in EPS were involved in Sb(V) binding as evidenced by its weakened fluorescence intensity upon Sb(V) addition. The FTIR and XPS analyses indicate that hemiacetal and amide groups in EPS contributed to the reduction of Sb(V). Preculture with 10 μM Sb(V) did not exhibit a significant difference in Sb(V)-reducing capacity, suggesting that Sb(V) stress probably did not stimulate EPS secretion of W3110. Our results highlight the importance of EPS as the first line of defense against toxins, especially for those bacteria without such functional genes.