LAUSR

Abstract When operated independently, distributed energy resources (DER) cannot readily participate in electricity markets or contribute toward network stability and security. These issues can be addressed by aggregated control of DER within a virtual power plant (VPP) framework. This work presents a scenario-based optimization approach to operating a multi-energy VPP under uncertainty. This enables optimized participation in multiple energy and ancillary service markets, while alleviating local network constraints and providing reactive power support. The case study deploys an electricity-hydrogen VPP demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed framework. The results highlight the tight interaction between local network support and system-level market participation, and how provision of local voltage and reactive power services can enhance the VPP's flexibility to maximize its market revenues. This is particularly relevant in the context of distribution system operation and emerging DER marketplaces that are constrained by local network limits.