LAUSR

Abstract This work presents a comprehensive analysis of the fault inception angle influence in the first wavefront of the fault-induced traveling waves (TWs) for all types of faults in a transmission line. The EMTP-ATP software simulated fault-induced TWs for all transmission line fault types considering the JMarti frequency-dependent transmission line model, whereas an emulated transmission line in an experimental setup generated fault-induced TWs of single line-to-ground faults for validating the effects of the fault inception angle. This work demonstrated that the energy of the fault-induced TWs changes with the fault inception angle according to a squared sinusoidal function, and pointed out the situations where there is no TW in each type of fault. Besides the support for a better understanding of fault-induced TWs, the analysis accomplished here will be essential for further development of TW-based detection, location, and protection methods.