LAUSR

Abstract Non-rice crops (NRCs) are an increasingly important means of improving farmer livelihoods in rice-based farming systems in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), but NRC productivity faces risks from the soil constraints that result from traditional wet rice cultivation, namely degraded topsoil, a sub-surface hardpan and consequent reduced available water-holding capacity (AWC). Farmers can address the risks to NRCs posed by these soil constraints in several ways: accept the risks by tolerating the soil constraints, reduce the risks by managing the constraints, ameliorating them seasonally or reducing them by adopting dry soil preparation for rice, or avoid the risks by either ceasing rice production to eliminate the constraints or ceasing NRC production. The differentiation of fields into five consequent management regimes – wet preparation rice, wet preparation rice with management or amelioration of constraints, dry preparation rice, dedicated NRC-only fields, and dedicated rice-only fields – gives insight as to how both rice and NRC productivity can be balanced in a rice-based system, not just in an individual field. This paper outlines a framework for more optimal rice and NRC production, highlights the information and further research required to improve on-farm decision-making, and suggests how this framework can be applied in practice.