LAUSR

Abstract Low permeability renders a significant fraction of coal seam gas (CSG) resources sub-economic. An effective permeability enhancement strategy is thereby crucial in monetising a large proportion of low permeability CSG resources. This paper introduces the concept of using oxidants for permeability enhancement, describes a practical screening method to evaluate potential oxidants and provides knowledge about the coal behaviour in oxidants. A test based on time-lapse photography and image analysis of coal particles immersed in liquid oxidants was used to assess the extent and rate of change of coal particle size. Complementary leaching tests determined the extent of coal solubilisation by quantifying the change in coal mass and leachate organic content. The swelling profiles of coal particles hand-picked from a low permeability CSG coal core (Bowen Basin, Australia) were first examined in solutions of potassium chloride, and then pyridine for the purpose of method development and validation. Finally, the swelling ratio, SR, and rate of swelling Sr (% area change per 6 h), of coal particles immersed in oxidising solutions of sodium hypochlorite (0.1%, 1% and 10% NaClO), potassium permanganate (0.015%, 0.03%, 0.1%, 1%, 3% and 5% KMnO4), hydrogen peroxide (1%, 3%, 10% and 30% H2O2) and potassium persulfate (1% and 3% K2S2O8) were examined. Results provide evidence for coal solubilisation (maximum mass loss = 15%) and the propensity to swell (maximum particle size increase = 15%) in all the candidate oxidant stimulants as well as coal breakage in specific oxidants and at specific concentrations (1% NaClO and 3%, 5% KMnO4). The swelling and solubilisation of the coals used in this study tends to increase with higher oxidant concentrations. Anisotropic swelling was also clearly observed in 1% NaClO. Coal reacted vigorously with NaClO and KMnO4, but only slightly with K2S2O8 and H2O2. Massive coal solubilisation occurs in NaClO and KMnO4, but negligible in K2S2O8 and H2O2. In terms of coal oxidation to enhance permeability, NaClO and KMnO4 seem to be more promising than K2S2O8 and H2O2. For the situation of in situ application, it remains unclear if the net effect of coal swelling and coal solubilisation will increase or decrease permeability. In addition, coal breakage may lead to void space or new cracks in the coal matrix, which could have the potential to increase the coal permeability. Confined core-flooding tests that simulate in situ conditions are required to elucidate this behaviour.