LAUSR

Abstract Birnessite, a layered manganese (Mn) oxide, possesses extraordinary metal adsorption and oxidation activity, and thus imposes impacts on many biogeochemical processes. The reactivity of birnessite strongly relies on its Mn oxidation state composition (the proportions of Mn II, III and IV), particularly by the Mn(III) proportion. Partial reduction of birnessite transforms birnessite to be Mn(II, III)-rich or to MnOOH and Mn3O4, and thus strongly affects birnessite reactivity. As a metal scavenger, naturally occurring birnessite contains abundant transition and alkali and alkaline earth metal cations in its structure; however, the effects of these metal cations on the partial reduction-induced transformation of birnessite remain unknown. We examined the effects of Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and ionic strength (controlled by NaCl) on transformation of birnessite (δ-MnO2) and adsorption and oxidation of natural organic matter during partial reduction by fulvic acid (FA) at pH 8 and FA/MnO2 mass ratios (R) of 0.1 or 1 over 600 h under anoxic conditions. Results showed that low ionic strength (0 versus 50 mM NaCl) disfavored FA adsorption, fractionation and oxidation, and thus disfavored formation of Mn(III) in the reacted birnessite. Compared to the 50 mM NaCl system, all divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+) favored FA adsorption and fractionation. Both Mg2+ and Ca2+ significantly enhanced FA oxidation at the early stage but barely at the late stage, whereas Zn2+ strongly suppressed FA oxidation during the entire experimental period. Due to adsorption competition, the presence of the divalent cations resulted in low concentration of Mn(II) adsorbed on vacancies of birnessite. Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ favored Mn(III) production in MnO6 layers, while Zn2+ inhibited it. A small portion of birnessite also transformed to feitknechtite and hausmannite, and the transformation seemed faster in the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ than in NaCl solution. In the presence of Zn2+ at the high FA/MnO2 ratio (R = 1), Zn-substituted hansmannite formed extenstively. The formation of Mn(III) in the reacted birnessite can be ascribed to comproportionation between Mn(IV) and Mn(II) adsorbed on either vacancies or edge sites of birnessite. The low-valence Mn oxide phases likely formed via the comproportionation on the edges. The divalent cations affected Mn(III) concentrations of birnessite and formation of the low-valence Mn oxides by competing with Mn(II) for adsorption on edge/vacancy sites or stabilizing Mn(III) in the layers. This work indicates that divalent metal cations strongly influence reactivity and transformation of birnessite in the coupled Mn and carbon redox cycles, and that birnessite containing divalent cations can be an important adsorbent for natural organic carbon in Mn-rich environments. Overall, this study provides insights into the coupled cycles of Mn, trace metals and organic carbon in alkaline and saline environments.