LAUSR

Abstract Furfural and furfuryl alcohol originating from agriculture were used as crosslinkers to develop a renewable starch-furanic adhesive with good water resistance. Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance measurements indicated that furfural and furfuryl alcohol reacted with starch under acidic conditions and that the –CH2–O– groups were involved in the cross-linking of the starch-furfural-furfuryl alcohol adhesive (SFF). The gel time of SFF was longer than that of the starch-furfural adhesive (SF), while the dry shear strength of the SFF-bonded plywood suggested that the cured SFF adhesive acquired a performance better than that of starch (S) and SF adhesives. Moreover, the water resistance of the SFF adhesive cross-linked with 9% epoxy resin was further enhanced with respect to that of the S, SF, and commercial phenol formaldehyde adhesives.