LAUSR

BACKGROUND Ebstein's anomaly (EA) is a rare congenital heart disease with significantly phenotypic heterogeneity, accompanied with multiple associated phenotypes. The classification of cases with EA based on a standardized vocabulary of phenotypic abnormalities from Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) and its association with adverse clinical outcomes has yet to be investigated. METHODS We developed a deep phenotyping algorithm for Chinese electronic medical records (EMRs) from the Chinese National Cardiovascular Center at the Fuwai Hospital to ascertain EA cases. EA-associated phenotypes were standardized according to HPO annotation, and an unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify EA cases according to their phenotypic similarities. A survival analysis was conducted to study the association of the HPO-based cluster with survival or adverse clinical outcomes. RESULTS The ascertained EA cases were annotated to have a single or multiple HPO terms. Three distinct clusters with different combinations of HPO term in these cases were identified. The HPO-based classification of EA cases was not significantly associated with survival or adverse clinical outcomes at a mid-term follow up. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided an important implication for studying the classification of congenital heart disease using HPO-based annotation. A long time follow up will enable to confirm its association with adverse clinical outcomes.