LAUSR

Abstract A thorough understanding of the dynamics of meter-sized airgun-bubbles is very crucial to seabed geophysical exploration. In this study, we use the boundary integral method to investigate the highly non-spherical airgun-bubble dynamics and its corresponding pressure wave emission. Moreover, a model is proposed to also consider the process of air release from the airgun port, which is found to be the most crucial factor to estimate the initial peak of the pressure wave. The numerical simulations show good agreement with experiments, in terms of non-spherical bubble shapes and pressure waves. Thereafter, the effects of the port opening time T open , airgun firing depth, heat transfer, and gravity are numerically investigated. We find that a smaller T open leads to a more violent air release that consequently causes stronger high-frequency pressure wave emissions; however, the low-frequency pressure waves are little affected. Additionally, the non-spherical bubble dynamics is highly dependent on the Froude number Fr. Starting from F r = 2 , as Fr increases, the jet contains lower kinetic energy, resulting in a stronger energy focusing of the bubble collapse itself and thus a larger pressure peak during the bubble collapse phase. For Fr ≥ 7, the spherical bubble theory becomes an appropriate description of the airgun-bubble. The new findings of this study may provide a reference for practical operations and designing environmentally friendly airguns in the near future.