LAUSR

Abstract In the present investigation, the bio-oil extraction from Calophyllum inophyllum seeds using an ultrasonic-assisted heterogeneous solvent technique has been carried out in order to avoid diminishing the oil property and quality by high temperature. The application of different combinations of solvent extraction has been examined using Diethyl ether:Ethanol, Chloroform:Methanol, and Isopropanol: Methanol. The results reveals that the equal ratio of Diethyl ether:Ethanol in assistance with ultrasonic waves yields maximum oil extraction. The other optimized process conditions determined by central composite design was found to be the seed kernel to the solvent ratio of 1:15 (w:v); time 45 min; temperature 36 °C and ultrasonication power of 54 % yields maximum bio-oil of 82.8 % (w/w). The kinetic study denotes that the oil extraction process follows first-order kinetics. The presence of different functional groups, as well as volatile compounds in the extracted oil, were confirmed by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This confirms the presence of 22.11 % of free fatty acid content in the extracted bio-oil. The techno-economic analysis of 4.4 million kg of oil extract plant was investigated. The annual revenue estimated from the oil is 2,097,000 $/yr and the payback period is 5.43 years.