LAUSR

Cerebral vasculature is several orders of magnitude stiffer than the brain tissue. However, only a handful of studies have investigated its potential stiffening effect on dynamic brain strains; yet, they report contradictory findings. Here, we reanalyze the cerebrovascular stiffening effect by incorporating vasculature derived from the latest neuroimaging atlases into a re-meshed Worcester Head Injury Model using an embedded element method. Regional brain strains with and without vasculature were simulated using a reconstructed, predominantly sagittal head impact. Using the two previously adopted linear or non-linear vessel material models, we reproduced the earlier conflicting results (~40% vs. ~1-6% in regional strain reductions). Nevertheless, with refitted non-linear material models chosen to represent the average dynamic tension behaviors of arteries and veins, respectively, inclusion of vasculature reduced regional brain strains by ~13-36% relative to the baselines without vasculature. Compared to the whole brain baseline response, inclusion of vasculature led to an element-wise linear regression slope of 0.8 and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.8. The vascular stiffening effect appears mild for the whole brain but more significant locally, which should not be ignored in head injury models. Nevertheless, more work is necessary to investigate the cerebrovascular mechanical behaviors and loading environment to allow for more biofidelic modeling of the brain in the future.