LAUSR

Abstract The chronic illness of transportation sector is its excessive dependence on petroleum products that necessitates immediate actions to mitigate negative externalities. Developing an environmentally benign, economically feasible, and socially acceptable fuel portfolio can generally, improve the sustainability of future transportation systems. This study aims to predict an optimal fuel portfolio based on different concerns for light-duty vehicles of Iran in the light of alternative fuels until 2025. Six potential fossil and renewable fuels including gasoline, diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline (E85) and biodiesel, and one gasoline-electric hybrid technology competed through an integrated fuzzy multi-objective programming. Seven goals with environmental, cost, social and policy nature, as well as systematic constraints and fuel priority (obtained by the application of a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method) had to be met in the model. The solution of the model along with the sensitivity analysis of weights and aspiration levels indicated that with an acceptable possibility of achieving the goals, CNG had the greatest share in the optimal fuel portfolio followed by gasoline, LPG and diesel. Through the intended horizon, the fossil fuels’ share has declined such that 13.5% of the optimal portfolio was replaced by hybrid technology, biodiesel and E85 in 2025, and more importantly, carbon dioxide emission and fuel cost could be mitigated by 11% and 18%, respectively in the same year. Two scenarios focusing on environmental and cost goals were defined through assigning 70% and 80% of the weights to the related goals, respectively; the results revealed that the main characteristics of the optimal portfolio were stable. Likewise, the analysis of the aspiration and tolerance levels of the goals proved the stability of the model and revealed that these parameters play a sensitive role in the model and could affect the optimality and feasibility of the solutions.