LAUSR

Abstract We investigate a fractional notion of gradient and divergence operator. We generalize the div-curl estimate by Coifman–Lions–Meyer–Semmes to fractional div-curl quantities, obtaining, in particular, a nonlocal version of Wente's lemma. We demonstrate how these quantities appear naturally in nonlocal geometric equations, which can be used to obtain a theory for fractional harmonic maps analogous to the local theory. Firstly, regarding fractional harmonic maps into spheres, we obtain a conservation law analogous to Shatah's conservation law and give a new regularity proof analogous to Helein's for harmonic maps into spheres. Secondly, we prove regularity for solutions to critical systems with nonlocal antisymmetric potentials on the right-hand side. Since the half-harmonic map equation into general target manifolds has this form, as a corollary, we obtain a new proof of the regularity of half-harmonic maps into general target manifolds following closely Riviere's celebrated argument in the local case. Lastly, the fractional div-curl quantities provide also a new, simpler, proof for Holder continuity of W s , n / s -harmonic maps into spheres and we extend this to an argument for W s , n / s -harmonic maps into homogeneous targets. This is an analogue of Strzelecki's and Toro–Wang's proof for n-harmonic maps into spheres and homogeneous target manifolds, respectively.