LAUSR

Abstract Anode materials with large capacity have a growing application due to the booming electric vehicle and energy storage market. However, the low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and poor cycle stability hinder their commercial development. Herein, we investigate the effective and convenient method of preparing LixSn-Li2O–LiF/reduced graphene oxide (LixSn-Li2O–LiF/RGO, Li-GFTO) composite anode material with large capacity and high ICE. Firstly, the highly-dispersed fluorine-doped tin oxide and reduced graphene oxide (F–SnO2/RGO, GFTO) composite is in-situ synthesized by one-pot reflux method. The fluorine-doped SnO2 nanocrystals are uniformly anchored on graphene sheets. Secondly, the F–SnO2/RGO was lithiated by reacting with the lithium dissolved in the solution of biphenyl and 1,2-dimethoxyethane to get LixSn-Li2O–LiF/RGO composite. The Li2O and LiF will be formed and prevent the diffusion and coarsening of Sn and LixSn during cycling. Used as the anode material, the ICE of the LixSn-Li2O–LiF/RGO composite is as high as 97%. The composite anode material also shows high cycling stability. The residual capacity is as high as 992 mAhg−1 at 0.1 Ag-1 after 100 cycles, and the charge capacity retention is 99%. Most of all, the mild preparation condition promotes the mass production and practical application of tin-lithium alloy based composite anode materials.