LAUSR

Abstract Although multilingual crews are common in international merchant shipping, there is concern that they may have negative effects on informal relations and communication on board, with implications for wellbeing and safety. This study examines how diversity in crew members' first language and their proficiency in English and other languages affect informal relations (friendship) and communication about work-related problems (discussing problems; making suggestions; pointing out problems) on board. Data came from longitudinal surveys on two cargo ships, and were analysed using stochastic actor-oriented modeling. Findings indicated that first language and language proficiency had different effects. Having the same first language increased the likelihood of friendship, which, in turn, increased the likelihood of discussing problems, making suggestions and pointing out problems. Proficiency in English increased the likelihood of discussing problems, which in turn increased the likelihood of making suggestions and pointing out problems. Implications for promoting informal relations and open communication in multilingual crews are discussed.