Abstract We report the results of temperature-dependent powder X-ray diffraction studies on lead-free piezoelectric sodium bismuth titanate (NBT) modified by partially substituting Ba at the A site or Nb at… Click to show full abstract
Abstract We report the results of temperature-dependent powder X-ray diffraction studies on lead-free piezoelectric sodium bismuth titanate (NBT) modified by partially substituting Ba at the A site or Nb at the B site. We observed the disappearance of certain reflections and a change in the main perovskite peaks of the rhombohedral phase suggesting a structural phase transition. Detailed Rietveld refinements revealed that both the ferroelectric and the antiferrodistortive phase transitions occur together at high temperature leading to a change in crystal structure from the low-temperature ferroelectric rhombohedral phase (space group: R3c) to the high-temperature paraelectric cubic phase (space group : Pm 3 ¯ m ). This suggests the suppression of the intermediate tetragonal phase of pure NBT. We found that substituting Ba onto the A site enhances the lattice strain and lowers the antiferrodistortive phase transition temperature.
               
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