LAUSR

Abstract An accurate understanding of infrastructure performance is beneficial for averting potentially severe accidents during construction because the increasing development of urban underground resources presents certain challenges. Cutting-edge sensing technologies offer intriguing solutions to assess conditions and monitor structural health. Depending on the characteristics of underground construction, fibre optics, photogrammetric, and other advanced sensing technologies are introduced. Such techniques have become commercially available and address the construction features and monitoring objectives of urban underground engineering with high-precision, automation, high-frequency, and high-resolution capabilities. This review summarises these technologies using examples to facilitate the selection of appropriate sensing technologies for upcoming projects.