LAUSR

Abstract The paper presents fluid and heat flow in an open square cavity where the free, forced and Marangoni convection are taking place simultaneously in presence of external magnetic field. Free convection induces from bottom heating, whereas forced convection is imposed by the motion of two sidewalls. Thermal interaction through open surface at top is also taken into account invoking Marangoni convection. The development of thermal-hydraulic flow physics is addressed systematically through both transient and steady analyses using an in-house CFD code. The results reveal the distinct flow-patterns using the pertinent parameters like Marangoni number (Ma = 0–1000), Biot number (Bi = 0–10), Reynolds number (Re = 10–500), Richardson number (Ri = 0.1–100) and Hartmann number (Ha = 0–100). The impact of the mutual strengths of three convection modes on a liquid metal (Pr = 0.054) in the presence of uniform magnetic field is explored exhaustively to extract the useful data relevant for practical applications. The thermal mixing behavior of the liquid is also assessed. The novelty of this work is it addresses magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) flow that couples with simultaneous Marangoni, free and forced convection, as first time.