LAUSR

Abstract The potential of novel cyanine dyes to inhibit the insulin amyloid formation was evaluated using thioflavin T fluorescence assay, quantum-chemical calculations, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. According to the ability to suppress the insulin fibrillization under physiological conditions the examined compounds were found to follow the order: trimethines > pentamethines > monomethines > heptamethines. Of these, the trimethines 3-3 and 3-5, and pentamethines 5-3 and 5-9 almost completely prevented the protein aggregation by retarding both nucleation (except 3-3) and elongation processes. The quantum-chemical calculations revealed a complex relationship between the dye structure and its inhibitory effects. The molecular docking studies showed that most cyanines bind specifically to the L17 ladder of the B chain, located at the dry steric zipper of the insulin fibril protofilament, and form the stable complexes with the helices of the insulin monomer. The molecular dynamics simulations provided evidence for the increase of insulin helicity in the presence of cyanines. Collectively, the presented findings highlight two possible mechanisms by which cyanines can inhibit the insulin fibrillization: i) stabilization of the native protein structure followed by the retardation of the protein nucleation (all dyes); and ii) blocking the lateral extension of β-sheets via the dye-protein stacking interactions (3-3, 3-5, 5-3, 5-9). Overall, the obtained results may prove of importance for the design of small molecules capable of preventing amyloid fibril formation by insulin and other proteins.