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Energetically favored formation of SnO2 nanocrystals as electron transfer layer in perovskite solar cells with high efficiency exceeding 19

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Abstract In fabrication of SnO 2 electron transfer layer (ETL) via traditional solution routes, the strong dependence of film crystallization on high temperature annealing or robust thermal treatment makes it… Click to show full abstract

Abstract In fabrication of SnO 2 electron transfer layer (ETL) via traditional solution routes, the strong dependence of film crystallization on high temperature annealing or robust thermal treatment makes it challengeable to prepare crystallized SnO 2 ETLs at low temperature ( 2 ETL below 80 °C is realized for the first time. In the new route, participation of atmosphere O 2 and H 2 O by refluxing is crucial as it can greatly promote Sn 2+ oxidation and controlled hydrolysis in SnCl 2 ·2H 2 O alcohol solution, in turn opening up an energetically favorable pathway for SnO 2 crystallization at low temperature. Systematical investigations reveal that SnO 2 ETLs have high conductivity and transmittance and appropriate energy band level, by which PSCs obtain superior photovoltaic performance, with a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) and steady-state PCE of 19.20% and 18.48% achieved, respectively, much higher than that of the devices using high temperature annealed TiO 2 ETLs (16.61% and 15.03%). The SnO 2 -ETL-based flexible PSCs also attain a high PCE up to 16.11% and among the highest records of flexible PSCs. Due to a larger band gap, SnO 2 -ETLs-based PSCs show superior UV resistance against high intensity UV light irradiation.

Keywords: temperature; transfer layer; pscs; electron transfer

Journal Title: Nano Energy
Year Published: 2017

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