LAUSR

For fMRI in animal models, the combination of low-dose anesthetic, isoflurane (ISO), and the sedative medetomidine (MED) has recently become an advocated regimen to achieve stable neuronal states and brain networks in rats that are required for reliable task-induced BOLD fMRI. However, in mice the temporal stability of neuronal states and networks in resting-state (rs)-fMRI experiments during the combined ISO/MED regimen has not been systematically investigated. Using a multimodal approach with optical calcium (Ca2+) recordings and rs-fMRI, we investigated cortical neuronal/astrocytic Ca2+activity states and brain networks at multiple time points while switching from anesthesia with 1% ISO to a combined ISO/MED regimen. We found that cortical activity states reached a steady-state 45 minutes following start of MED infusion as indicated by stable Ca2+ transients. Similarly, rs-networks were not statistically different between anesthesia with ISO and the combined ISO/MED regimen 45 and 100 minutes after start of MED. Importantly, during the transition time we identified changed rs-network signatures that likely reflect the different mode of action of the respective anesthetic; these included a dose-dependent increase in cortico-cortical functional connectivity (FC) presumably caused by reduction of ISO concentration and decreased FC in subcortical arousal nuclei due to MED infusion. Furthermore, we report detection of visual stimulation-induced BOLD fMRI during the stable ISO/MED neuronal state 45 min after induction. Based on our findings, we recommend a 45-minute waiting period after switching from ISO anesthesia to the combined ISO/MED regimen before performing rs- or task-induced fMRI experiments.