LAUSR

Substance P (SP), a product of the tachykinin 1 (Tac1) gene, is expressed in many hypothalamic neurons. Its wake-promoting potential could be mediated through histaminergic (HA) neurons of the tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN), where functional expression of neurokinin receptors (NKRs) waits to be characterized. As in the process of nociception in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) capsaicin-receptor (transient potential vanilloid 1: TRPV1) signalling is amplified by local release of histamine and SP, we tested the involvement of tachykinins in the capsaicin-induced long-lasting enhancement (LLEcaps) of HA neurons firing by investigating selective neurokinin receptor ligands in the hypothalamic mouse brain slice preparation using patch-clamp recordings in cell-attached mode combined with single-cell RT-PCR. We report that the majority of HA neurons respond to SP (EC50 3 nM), express the SP precursor tachykinin 1 (Tac1) gene and at least one of the neurokinin receptors. Responses to selective agonists of three known neurokinin receptors were sensitive to corresponding antagonists. LLEcaps was significantly impaired by the neurokinin receptor antagonists, indicating that in hypothalamus, as in the PNS, release of tachykinins downstream to TRPV1 activation is able to boost the release of histamine. The excitatory action of SP on histaminergic neurons adds another pathway to the noradrenergic and orexinergic ones to synergistically enhance cortical arousal. We show NK1R to play a prominent role on HA neurons and thus the control of wakefulness.