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Introduction/Background To accurately assess cardiopulmonary fitness of stroke patients and to analyze its related factors. Material and method The basic data of 38 stroke patients, such as age, sex, height, etc., were collected. Fugl–Meyer, MMSE, ADL, and Berg scales were used to evaluate their exercise function, cognitive function, daily activity and balance function. All the patient used the power bicycle to carry out the maximum progressive cardiopulmonary exercise test with a restrictive symptom, and data on cardiopulmonary index, subjective fatigue, heart rate, blood pressure and other data were collected. Single factor analysis and multiple factors logistics regression analysis of cardiopulmonary fitness in stroke patients were carried out by SPSS 17.0 statistical software to explore the factors affecting the cardiopulmonary fitness. Results Thirty-eight stroke patients enrolled in the study were able to complete the cardiopulmonary exercise test without adverse events. Cardiopulmonary fitness significantly decreased (VO2peak was 12.89 + 3.42 mL/kg/min). Single factor analysis showed that age, sex, Fugl–Meyer, MMSE, ADL, bad habits and daily exercise habits were the influencing factors of cardiopulmonary fitness in stroke patients (P   1). Conclusion Cardiopulmonary fitness significantly decreases in stroke patients. High Fugl–Meyer score, high MMSE score and regular exercise habit are independent protective factors of cardiopulmonary fitness, while advanced age, women and bad living habits are its independent risk factors.