LAUSR

Abstract Bioretention uses natural features to improve rainwater quality by enhancing permeation and evaporation, thus replicating the pre-development hydrological state. As an on-site treatment technology for urban rainwater, it has been applied for decades. Bioretention provides an optimized solution for the traditional rainwater pipe network system to alleviate urban waterlogging and rainwater pollution, especially in excessively impervious areas affected by advanced urbanization. However, despite the in-depth research and wide application of bioretention, the design and evaluation of this system remain challenging. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest developments in the design of bioretention areas and relevant models used to evaluate the performance of bioretention areas. This analysis is aimed to inspire research toward optimizing the design and application of bioretention. First, the definitions and treatment processes of bioretention are summarized. Then, the design options of bioretention areas are presented, including types of filler, plant species, filler depths, internal water storage, water depth, and structural settings. The most commonly used simulation tools to evaluate the performance of bioretention areas are also discussed. Finally, future research directions are proposed to further improve both the performance and stability of bioretention areas and increase the accuracy and comprehensiveness of evaluation models.