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OBJECTIVE To verify the association between c.1083T>C polymorphism in the adenosine receptor A2A gene (ADORA2A) and objective sleep, as well as the correlation between caffeine consumption, sleep parameters, and electroencephalographic spectral power in a large, population-based sample from São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS This study was conducted in participants of the São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study (EPISONO), a large, population-based survey consisting of a representative sample of the inhabitants of the city from São Paulo, Brazil, according to sex, age (20-80 years), and socioeconomic status in the year 2007. Questionnaires, polysomnography, spectral analysis of sleep electroencephalogram, and c.1083T>C polymorphism genotyping were performed in this study. RESULTS We found that caffeine consumption was positively correlated with sleep latency and α spectral power, as well as negatively correlated with percentage of N3 stage and δ spectral power in this stage. However, this association was identified only in T allele carriers and not in CC genotype. CONCLUSION Our data support an important aspect of this polymorphism in ADORA2A gene, showing that the variant affects the association between caffeine consumption and objective sleep parameters in a large population-based cohort. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION Name: Epidemiology of sleep disturbances among adult population of the Sao Paulo City. URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00596713?term = NCT00596713&rank = 1. Number: NCT00596713.