LAUSR

Abstract GNSS-related activities qualify as ʻspace activities’, and it thus make international space law applicable. However, it is quite reticent to broadly interpret GNSS signals under the term ʻspace object’, due to the lack of material and physical properties. The discussions on whether GNSS damage qualifies as indirect damage, and whether the Liability Convention cover that indirect damage, are irrelevant to the applicability of GNSS damage to the outer space treaties. GNSS damage may apply Article VII of the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention as long as the causal link between the damage and GNSS satellites (not GNSS signals) is unbroken, logical, foreseeable and not too remote under the sense of general international law.