LAUSR

Abstract This paper investigates which external learning mechanisms in networks contribute to various upgrading types in emerging market firms, and how internalisation of externally acquired knowledge complements external learning. It develops a dynamic model of firm-level upgrading for analysis, where learning in networks is emphasized. Methodologically, it applies a new approach through a comprehensive analysis of a firm's networks embedded not only in production systems (i.e. GVCs/GPNs) but also in knowledge systems. Primary data is collected through in-depth interviews with Polish food-processing and clothing firms. Multinomial logistic regression analysis is applied on a dataset of networks of these firms over 12 years covering the transition period. We find that the key source of process upgrading is learning in knowledge networks as opposed to that of in GVCs. Strikingly, learning-by-interacting in GVCs impedes not functional, but managerial upgrading, a previously unexplored upgrading type, which is also shown to be a prerequisite for functional upgrading. Finally, whilst learning-by-training and research within the firm is a ‘potent’ condition for external learning to contribute to all of the upgrading types, it is a ‘must’ for successful functional upgrading. These findings strongly suggest the importance of an integrative approach to learning in research on upgrading and the complementarity between organisational and technology upgrading.