LAUSR

Abstract This study aimed to explore the universal evolution process of smart cities. To achieve this, we evaluated the performance and efficiency of 32 smart cities in China between 2012 and 2017. The 32 cities were divided into four categories according to average performance and efficiency. The process of change in the smart cities between 2012 and 2017 was mapped and three primary trends in performance and efficiency were identified. The final status reached by the 32 cities was predicted according to the three trends. To more effectively implement smart city initiatives, two evolutionary routes for smart cities are proposed. The findings demonstrate that the performance of smart city implementation is consistent with economic development but not with efficiency. The status of smart city implementation is not static; it depends on the context of the city and can shift between the four city categories. Smart city initiatives should be driven by technology firms with appropriate governmental guidance.