LAUSR

The present study was to evaluate the adjuvant effect of sunflower seed oil containing saponins extracted from the stem and leaf of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (E515-D) on the immune response induced by an inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens. The results showed that E515-D promoted significantly higher serum NDV-specific HI and neutralizing antibody responses, IFN-γ and IL-4 levels, and lymphocyte proliferative responses to Con A, LPS, and NDV antigen than the conventional adjuvant Marcol 52. Different adjuvant effect between E515-D and Marcol 52 may be attributed to different genes expressed in two groups. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes showed that there were 1198 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 539 up and 659 down regulated in E515-D group while 1395 DEGs with 697 up and 698 down regulated in Marcol 52 group in comparison with the control group. Analysis of gene ontology (GO) term and kyoto encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways showed that the predominant immune related pathways included "Toll-like receptor signaling pathway", "NOD-like receptor signaling pathway", "C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway", and "Phosphatidylinositol signaling system" in E515-D group while Marcol 52 were "NOD-like receptor signaling pathway", "Phagosome", and "Lysosome", and the most relevant DEGs in E515-D group were STAT1, STAT2, PI3K, and IL-6. Considering the excellent adjuvant activity and vegetable origin, E515-D deserves further study as an adjuvant for vaccines used in food animals.