LAUSR

The ascidian larval tail contains muscle cells for swimming. Most of these muscle cells differentiate autonomously. The genetic program behind this autonomy has been studied extensively and the genetic cascade from maternal factors to initiation of expression of a muscle structural gene, Myl.c, has been uncovered; Myl.c expression is directed initially by transcription factor Tbx6-r.b at the 64-cell stage and then by the combined actions of Tbx6-r.b and Mrf from the gastrula to early tailbud stages. In the present study, we showed that transcription of Myl.c continued in late tailbud embryos and larvae, although a fusion protein of Tbx6-r.b and GFP was hardly detectable in late tailbud embryos. A knockdown experiment, reporter assay, and in vitro binding assay indicated that an essential cis-regulatory element of Myl.c that bound Tbx6-r.b in early embryos bound Tbx15/18/22 in late embryos to maintain expression of Myl.c. We also found that Tbx15/18/22 was controlled by Mrf, which constitutes a regulatory loop with Tbx6-r.b. Therefore, our data indicated that Tbx15/18/22 was activated initially under control of this regulatory loop as in the case of Myl.c, and then Tbx15/18/22 maintained the expression of Myl.c after Tbx6-r.b had disappeared. RNA-sequencing of Tbx15/18/22 morphant embryos revealed that many muscle structural genes were regulated similarly by Tbx15/18/22. Thus, the present study revealed the mechanisms of maintenance of transcription of muscle structural genes in late embryos in which Tbx15/18/22 takes the place of Tbx6-r.b.