LAUSR

Feather pecking is a typically abnormal behavior that significantly impacts breeding efficiency and animal welfare in the egg production sector. Serotonin (5-HT) is essential for neuronal development and behavioral regulation. This study evaluated the effects of birds' behavioral development (including feather pecking) and changes in serum hormones in chickens followed in ovo injection of 5-HT. On day 11, incubated eggs were injected with 5-HT at 0 (saline control), 5 ug (low) or 15 ug (high) (n = 166 per treatment). The hatched female chicks were raised under similar conditions up to 20 weeks of age (n = 60 per treatment). Birds' behaviors were recorded using a digital video recording system. The time to first vocalize and first move, along with the duration of vocalization and escape attempts during the isolation test, during isolation test were analyzed on day 1, and week 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20. Blood samples were collected followed behavioral tests (n = 5/treatment). The expression of 5-HTR1A genes in the hypothalamus was measured by real-time PCR. Compared to controls, 5-HT administrated pullets had greater body weight (P < 0.05) with an improved feed conversion rate (P < 0.05) as well as higher serum concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) regardless of their doses. In addition, serum dopamine (DA) concentrations were lower in both high- and low-dose pullets at 8 and 12 weeks of age (P < 0.05). Also, a decrease in fearfulness response was observed based on the test to vocalize and duration of vocalization (P < 0.05). Further, this exhibited a lesser frequency of total aggressive behavior compared with the chicks in the control group, especially at 8 weeks of age (P < 0.05), where it is associated with elevated serum 5-HT concentration and upregulated hypothalamic expression of 5-HTR1A (P < 0.05). The changes of these hormone concentrations and gene expressions suggested that 5-HT accumulation in early embryonic stages may alter both the adrenergic and serotonergic systems, which could further regulate the isolation behavior and improve birds' growth performance to a certain extent.