LAUSR

Here we determined mitogenomes of three Bostrichiformia species. These data were combined with 51 previously sequenced Polyphaga mitogenomes to explore the higher-level relationships within Polyphaga by using four different mitogenomic datasets and three tree inference approaches. Among Polyphaga mitogenomes we observed heterogeneity in nucleotide composition and evolutionary rates, which may have affected phylogenetic inferences across the different mitogenomic datasets. Elateriformia, Cucujiformia, and Scarabaeiformia were each inferred to be monophyletic by all analyses, as was Bostrichiformia by most analyses based on two datasets with low heterogeneity. The large series Staphyliniformia was never recovered as monophyletic in our analyses. The Bayesian tree using a degenerated nucleotide dataset (P123_Degen) and a site-heterogeneous mixture model in PhyloBayes was supported as the best Polyphaga phylogeny: (Scirtiformia, (Elateriformia, ((Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia), (Scarabaeiformia + Staphyliniformia)))). For Cucujiformia, the largest series, we inferred a superfamily-level phylogeny: ((Cleroidea, Coccinelloidea), (Tenebrionoidea, (Cucujoidea + Curculionoidea + Chrysomeloidea))).